The Older Adult I Had The Opportunity To Interview Was

The older adult I had the opportunity to interview was my boyfriend s step grandmother. I met her a few years ago when we took a vacation in Florida, and thought she would be a great person to interview, because she is outgoing and has aged well. I conducted a telephone interview for this assignment, because she is currently in Florida for the remainder of the Spring season. The interviewee was born in Portland, Maine in 1942, and is seventy-five years old. She had four older brothers, one older sister, and has a younger sister who is three years younger than her and whom is her best friend. She has two sons, one daughter, and five grandchildren. Unfortunately, one of her grandsons died at the age of four from Canavan disease. Her and†¦show more content†¦According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, â€Å"older adults are at an increased risk of depression, because depression is more common in people who have other illnesses, and 80% of older adults have a chronic condition† (CDC, 2017). The CDC also mentions that older adults are often misdiagnosed or undertreated, because the symptoms may be thought to be the cause of something else, or the patient doesn’t understand that treatment would be beneficial and do not seek help. The interviewee definitely appears to be aging successfully. She is very active for a seventy-five year old. Each morning she eats breakfast followed by ten minutes of yoga. Next, she bikes to the pool and swims laps or does water aerobics. Other ways she enjoys exercise is through walks around the park or around the beach. She hasn’t taken dance classes in awhile, but would would be interested in taking a line dancing class next winter if she can find the time. In response to question 6, she believes she can control her health by a large extent by not letting stress get to her. She mentioned how illness can be the cause of stress, and how she has to really work on not worrying about things she has no control over, because it will just create unneeded stress. Other hobbies that she enjoys include knitting, quilting, book club, volunteering for meals on wheels, Reiki practitioner, and traveling. She and her husband haveShow MoreRelatedLife Review Paper1424 Words   |  6 PagesNursing In partial fulfillment of the requirements of N3261 Nursing of Older Adults Denise Cauble RN, PhD (c), CWOCN July 3, 2013 Life Review Assignment After learning of this opportunity to interview an elderly adult, I already had a candidate in mind. S.F. is the grandfather of my boyfriend and this was the perfect opportunity to learn more about his family roots. 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Historically, middle-class parents involve their children in adult-organized activities, which take over most of their time.Read MoreThe Center For Rehabilitation And Health Care s Mission Statement Essay1561 Words   |  7 Pages Many of the workers are also walking around checking in on everyone and making sure the clients they are getting their services. Everyone in the building is very welcoming and friendly. The day I went inside the Hammonton Center, I was looking for their social worker to interview. I had the opportunity to meet with Danyla Frazier, the Hammonton Center’s social worker. Danyla graduated from Cedar Crest College in PA in 2012 with her Bachelors in Social Work (BSW). She then continued to receive herRead MoreA Psychological Interview Analysis Of Levinson s Life Structure Approach And Erikson s Theory Of Human Development Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesSummary and Comparison: A Psychological Interview Analysis of Levinson’s Life Structure Approach and Erikson’s Theory of Human Development Approach This psychological interview analysis will compare and summarize the theoretical applications of Erikson’s Theory of Human Development and Levinson’s Life Structure Approach. The subject of the interview, Charlotte McBeth, will express the challenges that arise in the stable and transitional periods of life in a Scottish family, which she expressesRead MoreFor This Assignment, The Author Interviewed An Elderly1452 Words   |  6 Pagesher early eighties. Discussion occurred over the phone as Irene lives a relatively far distance from Denver, CO. The first conversation went over well and she was very open to discussing her life further. The author became confident enough to ask more personal questions later in the conversation. The elderly woman agreed to a second interview to continue patient education which will be discussed in detail. For this paper, the individual will be referred to as Irene, so that her privacy is protected

Essay Role of Visions and Hallucinations in Macbeth

In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Macbeth’s visions and hallucinations play a significant role and contribute to the development of his character. In the play Macbeth, a man is driven to murder his king and his companions after receiving a fairly ambiguous prophecy told by three witches. Although the witches triggered the series of events that later aid Macbeth’s descent into complete insanity, Macbeth is portrayed from the very beginning as a fierce and violent soldier. As the play goes on, several internal conflicts inside of Macbeth become clear. After he performs several bloody tasks, the madness inside of Macbeth is unmistakably visible to everyone around him. As a result of this insanity, he sees visions and hallucinations. Each time Macbeth†¦show more content†¦From this decision arises obvious internal conflict- he has love for his king and has proved this in battle. However, his ambition is decidedly the prevailing emotion and he decides he must kill hi s king. The scene before the murder takes place Macbeth imagines a dagger before him. He says, â€Å"I have thee not and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling as to sight? Or art thou but A dagger of the mind, a false creation Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain?† (2.1. 47-51) Macbeth recognizes that the dagger is not real and accepts this. This is his first step into insanity. As he admits, his mind is feverish with excitement and perhaps dread, and he understands that this vision is ominous. His internal conflict has now begun to develop; his ambition is driving him to do something and subconsciously he knows it is not right. The second hallucination that Macbeth has is of the ghost of Banquo. The witches prophesized to Banquo, â€Å"Thou shall get kings, though thou be none.† (1.3.70.) Macbeth knows that Banquo’s sons will be kings, and in his conflicted state suspects that the murder of Duncan was done in vain, for he believes he has done all of the work for Banquo’s sons. Macbeth puts into place the scheme for both Banquo and his son Fleance’sShow MoreRelatedThe Horror Of William Shakespeare s Macbeth1409 Words   |  6 Pagesworks. Macbeth is a dark and horror play written by the great William Shakespeare in the 1600s. Like any other of his plays, it has also gained a crowd of audience and was performed in front of kings. Shakespeare’s Macbeth returns back to the Scottish history during the eleventh century, when a spectacle of violence- slaughter of innocent families; assassination of nobles and kings; and ruthless execution of rebels- witchcraft and the supernatural filled the streets of England (â€Å"Macbeth†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). DuringRead MoreThe Struggle Of Mental Illness1212 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth, takes place in Scotland and features famous characters like Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, and Banquo. Macbeth, the tragic hero, is a power hungry Thane whom seeks kingship. However, he lacks ambition and his wife attempts to urge him towards this edge. As Macbeth is urged toward ambitious ways, he commits the murder of Duncan, the king. From this point on, the reader notices Ma cbeth’s mind starts to deteriorate. As the tragedy continues, the reader also notices Macbeth is not the onlyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Tragedy Of Macbeth1207 Words   |  5 Pages The ‘Tragedy of Macbeth’ (also known as ‘Macbeth’) is a play written by William Shakespeare and it was first performed in 1606. This play presents plenty of themes through the action and dialogue throughout the play. Although the play is universally and most commonly referred to as the dark tragedy presented by Shakespeare. The most common themes that were introduced to the audience tend to be femininity versus masculinity, pride and honor, the role of supernatural, temptation and evil and a lotRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth And Macbeth1510 Words   |  7 Pagesone of the most famous authors in the history of old and modern english texts. While living through the 1500s-1600s, and having very little knowledge of psychological issues, Shakespeare portrayed mental illnesses in Macbeth fairly accurately. The characters in the tragedy of Macbeth show many characteristics and warning signs of mental disorders such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), schizo phrenia and depression. Since there is scarce evidence of medical testing and research with the mindRead More How does Shakespeare Exploit the Supernatural for dramatic Effect in Macbeth1375 Words   |  6 Pageswhat it will seem. Fair is foul and foul is fair. This warns the audience so that they can make predictions of what will happen in Macbeth. A Jacobean audience and Shakespeare?s contemporaries believed in the supernatural very strongly, including the king of that time, King James I of England. They would be intrigued by the witches? predictions in ?Macbeth,? as well as the witches? costumes on stage being scary to them. Nowadays, witches aren?t thought of as an avatar of the devil, soRead MoreOrder and Disorder in Macbeth4047 Words   |  17 PagesIn Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Macbeth’s visions and hallucinations play a significant role and contribute to the development of his character. In the play Macbeth, a man is driven to murder his king and his companions after receiving a fairly ambiguous prophecy told by three witches. Although the witches triggered the series of events that later aid Macbeth’s descent into complete insanity, Macbeth is portrayed from the very beginning as a fierce and violent soldier. As the play goes on, several internalRead MoreAppearance Vs Reality : Macbeth, And Lad y Macbeth1504 Words   |  7 PagesAppearance versus Reality in Macbeth, and Lady Macbeth Macbeth is one of Shakespeare’s most mystifying plays and is a study of human nature. The theme of appearance versus reality is apparent in Macbeth. It’s filled with numerous, notable, and significant scenes, including when King Duncan visits the Macbeth’s home, Lady Macbeth’s sleepwalking scene, and Macbeth’s dagger soliloquy. They provide raw, psychological insight into the character of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, showcasing the differing characteristicsRead MoreSupernatural Entities in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Essay example635 Words   |  3 Pagesbehind a man’s action. The supernatural be a major role in someone’s actions. In the play Macbeth, the supernatural was a major factor on the play’s style. Of the supernatural occurrence evident in the play were the witches, which they were the most important. Other occurrences were the dagger, the ghost, and the three apparitions. It all started when the three witches came to Macbeth and his best friend Banquo and said to Macbeth, â€Å" All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter† (1.3.53). RegardingRead MoreMacbeth Dreams Visions and Hallucinations Rereading2477 Words   |  10 PagesThe influence of Dreams, Visions and Hallucinations in Macbeth and other Literary Texts â€Å"The realities of the world affected me as visions, and as visions only, while the wild ideas of the land of dreams became, in turn,—not the material of my every-day existence--but in very deed that existence utterly and solely in itself.† ---- Edgar Allan Poe Uncanny encounters with visions and hallucinations blur the presumed constraints of time and space. The ‘phantasms’ or sensory impressionsRead MoreThe Role of the Supernatural in the Play Macbeth Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of the Supernatural in the Play Macbeth ‘Fair is foul and foul is fair’ such a well-known line from the play Macbeth, with such power behind the words. I have reason to believe that the role of the supernatural plays a very important part in Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, we can say that the supernatural occurs 4 times throughout the play that we can call supernatural because they are physically unnatural things to be seen, e.g. the appearance of Banquo’s ghost

One Sample Hypothesis Testing Free Essays

One Sample Hypothesis Testing The significance of earnings is a growing facade in today’s economy. Daily operation, individuals, and families alike rely heavily on each sale or paycheck to provide financial stability throughout. Depending on the nature of labor, wages are typically compensated in accords to one’s experience and education or specialization. We will write a custom essay sample on One Sample Hypothesis Testing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, calculating the specified industry, occupation title, education, experience on-the-job, gender, race, age, and membership to a union will additionally influence wages. To help analyze operation pay scales and remain within budget a business should obtain data pertaining to current variations in wage. Today statistics allow a business or businesses to do so in a timely and proficient manner. The purpose of the succeeding report is to communicate a hypothesis statement regarding the wages of Hispanics and Caucasian workers. Team B would like to determine whether race has an influence on the wage of these specific workers. Team B will convey this data of wages in both a numerical and verbal manner. Moreover, it is to describe and perform the five-step hypothesis test on the wages and wage earner data set, including data tables and results of the computations of a z-test or t-test by way of graphical and tabular methods. Also the paper will depict the results of all testing and convey how the results given Team B’s hypothesis testing may be used to answer the research question. Hypotheses Learning Team B’s verbal hypothesis question asks â€Å"Does the mean salary of a Hispanic worker exceed thirty thousand dollars and that of the mean salary of a Caucasian worker? † The numerical question used for our hypothesis test is  µ gt; $30,000. Another numerical question is  µ1gt; µ2.  µ1 is defined as the sample mean of Hispanic workers salaries and  µ2 defined as the sample mean of Caucasian workers salaries. The Hispanic sample population is six workers from the â€Å"Wages and Wage Earners Data Set. † Learning Team B needs to consider whether or not the population is normal as the population size is less than 30. This also prohibits use of the Central Limit Theorem until the data set is proven normal. The wage of one worker being much higher than the others means our data will be skewed right and this data may not be a â€Å"good† sample. The existence of this outlier means our results will be skewed meaning we should find a better sample to base our results on. More importantly, the existence of an outlier reminds us that the mean is not always a good measure of the â€Å"typical† value of X. † (Doane Seward, 2007). Five-step Hypothesis Test Team B would like to find if average Hispanic workers make more than $30,000 per year. The team’s null hypotheses or (HO) is that Hispanic pay is greater than or equal to $30,000. The team’s alternative hypothesis or (H1) is that Hispanic pay is less than $30,000. The significance level has been set at . 05 or 95%. The z score of . 05 is -1. 645. If the z-value is less than -1. 645 then the team can reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. If the z-value is greater than -1. 645 then the team fails to reject the null hypothesis, meaning Hispanic workers do, in fact, make more than $30,000 a year. Hypotheses: HO Hispanic pay ? 30,000 H1 Hispanic pay gt; 30,000 Data Set: (University of Phoenix, 2007) 83,601 29,736 15,234 24,509 33,461 13,481 Formula 1: Mean = (83,601+29,736+15,234+24,509+33,461+13,481)/6 M = 33,337 Formula 2: Standard Deviation = SQRT(((X1-M)Squared+(X2-M)Squared†¦)/(N-1)) SD = SQRT(((83,601-33,337)Squared+(29,736-33,337)Squared†¦)/(6-1)) SD = SQRT(((50,24)Squared =(3,601)Squared+(18,094)Squared†¦)/(5) SD = 25,841. 97 Hispanic pay mean = 33,337 Hispanic pay Standard deviation = 25,842 Sample size = 6 Formula 3: Z-Test = (Mean-X)/(Standard Deviation/SQRT(N)) Z = (33,337 – 30,000)/(25842/SQRT(6)) Z = 3,337/10,549. 94 Z = . 3163 As a result, we find that Z gt; -1. 645 Next team B wanted to see what the wage difference was between Caucasians and Hispanics. The team’s null hypothesis or (HO) is that white pay wages are ? Hispanic pay wages. The teams alternative hypothesis or (H1) is White pay wages are lt; Hispanic pay wages. White wages mean = 31,387. 39 Hispanic Wage mean = 33,337. 00 White wages STDEV = 16,810. 03 Hispanic wage STDEV = 25,843. 24 Finally the team wanted to see if age played a part in the difference in pay wages. Our null hypothesis or (HO) is that White age is = to Hispanic ages. The alternative or (H1) is that White age is ? to Hispanic ages. White Wage age mean = 39. 71429 Hispanic wage age mean = 35. 5 White wage age STDEV = 12. 3484 Hispanic wage age STDEV = 14. 25132 Test Results This test is significant because it shows that, based on the sample population; the average Hispanic worker makes more than $30,000 per year. This is because the team performed a one tailed Z-Test to determine with 95% confidence that Hispanic wages were greater than $30,000 per year. This is a one tailed test because the alternate hypothesis is only proven when the Z Value is less than the critical value of $30,000 in this case. With a Z Value of . 3163, we find that our Z-Test has yielded a result significantly higher than -1. 45, which proves H0, or that Hispanic pay is greater than $30,000 per year. The test also concluded that Hispanic workers make more than Caucasian workers on average. We also gathered data showing the average age of Caucasian workers is higher than that of Hispanic workers. In conclusion, this paper has discussed and researched the various influence of one’s race and wages. Our results provided immense data relating to our hypotheses and both verbal and numerical hypothesis were proven to conclude that Hispanic workers on average make more than $30,000 a year and also more than the average Caucasian worker. By using a smaller sample Team B was able to distinguish any correlations between both races and determine a sound result. In today’s economy wages are a momentous factor and whether ones Hispanic or not wages have a sizeable impact on one’s life. We believe our research shows that Hispanic’s have an advantage in the workplace over Caucasian workers. References: Doane, D. P. Seward, L. E. , (2007). Applied Statistics in Business and Economics. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. How to cite One Sample Hypothesis Testing, Papers

Corporate Responsibility and Governance Work

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Responsibility and Governance Work. Answer: Introduction The 7-Eleven occurrences have gotten the consideration of each Australian due to sweeping impacts and impact on the nation itself. Australia has been for the most part displayed as a country with multi-ethnic populace as its central trademark (Benier Wickes, 2015). On the other hand, allegations have been raised against the franchisee stores of 7-Eleven that they have paid the understudies and other remote nationals lower than the predominant honor rate of about $24 dollar 60 minutes. Affirmations have likewise been made in regards to the quantity of hours that they were made to work which far surpassed the farthest point forced on the specialists, especially those working under visa conditions (Sivaraman Turner, 2016). This incident has been brought to light first by the joint examination of Fairfax Media and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. This research has been done on the editorials published in The Australian and The Financial Review. The two newspapers are direct com petitors and they both have covered the incident in two different lights, and provided different conclusions (Briton, 2015). The Australian Rachel Baxendale covered the 7-Eleven fraud for The Australian newspaper in 2015. She is a press gallery journalist from Canberra, works for The Australia and was a part of the Melbourne Bureau. The Australians first publication came out in 1964. From the beginning, they were running at a lost for many decades and struggled for economic feasibility. The Australian is owned by News Corp Australia, who reaches out to the audience by using print, web and mobile modes. They own more than 140 newspapers and 100+ publications. It was established in 1923 by James Davidson. The paper publishes articles focused on aboriginal issues, IT, defense and mining businesses. They cater to general public and pays attention to social, political and economic matters. The paper publishes news, which are influenced mostly by political conditions instead of social ones. They pay attention to the five Ws and H of article writing while publishing their news to maintain the audience attention towards the piece of writing (The Australian, 2016). However, they have been plagued with accusations of being biased against the labor administrations because of their repeated criticizing of the labor governments decision to introduce carbon duties and other mitigation measures. They imposed their viewpoints with specific reporting and opinion piecesthat emphasizes their outlook only. In the context of the 7-Eleven incident the journalist could keep up both the coveted objectivity and points of view. She has done her best to present interchanging views of the scene by approaching with the perspectives of both the informer and the charged and let the perusers for themselves choose who was right and who wasn't right. Rather than forcing her own particular judgment, she had given the episodes a chance to talk for themselves. The columnist has separated herself from the article to such an extent that she could accomplish objectivity in the depiction of the occasions pithily. In doing so she has presented the idea that the head office and the management where unaware of what was going on with the employees at the stores ("The buck stops with us: 7-Eleven", 2015). Newspapers are the representation of the society. It is also the connection between the society and the events occurring in different parts of the world. Therefore, it is imperative that the newspapers maintain proper ethics while publishing their articles and news pieces. In addition, they ought to be free from biases and affiliations of any sort. Improper message conveyed to the masses might result in the wrong idea about the issue, and that can create conflicts (Muller, 2014). The Financial Review Adele Ferguson, a renowned, multi-award winning columnist and journalist for leading newspapers in Australia, has written this report on 7-Eleven wage abuse case. She has a reputation of being a very respectable commentator and investigator. With a journalism career spanning more than 20 years and being the reason behind several scandal exposes in the corporate sector, Ferguson is revered by her contemporaries and loathed by some for being one of the most influential journalists of her times. She kicked off her journalism career with The Advertiser and throughout her career has kept on targeting the skeletons in the closets. She is part of the Melbourne Press Club and has won several awards including the Gold Quill and Gold Kennedy awards. From 2009 she is continuing her association with the Fairfax Media, owner of the Financial Review ("Adele Ferguson Journalist Author", 2016). Fairfax Media publish the Financial Review, six days a week. The newspaper started in 1951 as a weekly and within 12 years became a daily. The newspaper focuses specially on finance, investment and business news. The original owner of Fairfax Media was John Fairfax and his family. The company has been in business for over 180 years and has kept the masses informed and connected. They have a portfolio of websites, applications and online news sites. They have arrayed into metropolitan, regional, agricultural news publishing ("Financial Review - Business, Finance and Investment News | afr.com", 2016). The newspaper is known for its transparent presentation of facts, and also for being unbiased towards incidents of any kind. It employs journalists who are famous for being straight forward, inquisitive and investigative. They follow the latest trends and never back away from taking risks regarding publishing controversial topics. They focus on research and innovation, and aim to publish articles that would cater to readers from different domain. The main domain they focus on is financial and economic issues. The article on 7-Eleven written by Adele Ferguson focuses specifically on the details and facts of the scam and traces the developments of the incidents only. She has interacted with the victims and had extracted information directly from the horses mouth. She has focused majorly on the vital points and has described the key elements and how they have worked together to end up in the most horrible fraud of the decade. Her article substantiates its claims with accurate facts and figures. She has drawn justified conclusions and has made clear justifications regarding the incidents ill effects. Her article says that the 7-Eleven franchise owners and people at the head office had an idea about what was going on at the stores ("7-Eleven: Wage abuse claims puts scrutiny on Fair Work response", 2015). Daily papers are the representation of the general public. It is additionally the association between the general public and the occasions happening in various parts of the world. Hence, it is basic that the daily papers keep up appropriate morals while distributed their articles and news pieces. Likewise, they should be free from inclinations and affiliations of any kind. Shameful message passed on to the masses may bring about the wrong thought regarding the issue, and that can make clashes (Christians et al., 2015). Conclusion The daily papers assume an extremely fundamental part in today's general public since its obligation is to give the events that straightforwardly or in a roundabout way impacts the life of each individual abiding in the general public. As noted before, they mirror the occurrences that happen in the general public as steadfastly as could be allowed. The assessments communicated by the daily papers can influence the sentiments of its perusers and thus compelling alert ought to be practiced while managing such enormous obligation. On account of The Australian, the correspondent has possessed the capacity to accomplish proficient objectivity by exhibiting the points of view of both the informer and the blamed leaving the judgment in the hands of the general population. Then again, the AFR has displayed the occasions precisely by taking the assistance of important figures and information that substantiate the cases made by both the gatherings. The correspondent has made advocated inferenc es in the interest of general society and has clarified the unfairness that the workers at last endured. Keeping in mind the two editorials, it can be understood the article published in The Australian is influenced by the political environment and are biased towards their affiliated political party. On the other hand, The Financial Review has approached in an unbiased manner and has presented with a more to-the-point article, providing with accurate facts about the event. Therefore, it is evident from my understanding the article published in The Financial Review is reliable and free from political influence. References 7-Eleven: Wage abuse claims puts scrutiny on Fair Work response. (2015). Financial Review. Retrieved 28 September 2016, from https://www.afr.com/business/retail/fmcg/7eleven-wage-abuse-claims-puts-scrutiny-on-fair-work-response-20150830-gjavxh Adele Ferguson Journalist Author. (2016). Adeleferguson.com. Retrieved 28 September 2016, from https://www.adeleferguson.com/ Benier, K., Wickes, R. (2015). The effect of ethnic diversity on collective efficacy in Australia.Journal of Sociology, 1440783315599595. Briton, B. (2015). 7-Eleven scandal: The tip of a low-wage iceberg.Guardian (Sydney), (1705), 1. Christians, C. G., Fackler, M., Richardson, K., Kreshel, P., Woods, R. H. (2015).Media ethics: Cases and moral reasoning. Routledge. Financial Review - Business, Finance and Investment News | afr.com. (2016). Afr.com. Retrieved 28 September 2016, from https://www.afr.com/ Muller, D. (2014).Journalism Ethics for the Digital Age. Scribe Publications. Sivaraman, G., Turner, P. (2016). The 7-Eleven wages scandal: The need for law reform.Precedent (Sydney, NSW), (135), 53. The Australian. (2016). The Australian. Retrieved 28 September 2016, from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/ The buck stops with us: 7-Eleven. (2015). The Australian. Retrieved 28 September 2016, from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/the-buck-stops-with-us-says-7eleven-chairman-russ-withers/news-story/c446f2f834f4b72748c630a0944ec6b4

Raise The Red Lantern Essays - Green Lantern, Films, Hong Kong Films

Raise The Red Lantern Anthropology of Women Raise the Red Lantern All the worlds a stage; all of us are taking the elements of plot, character, and costume and turning into performances of possibilities(Ward1999: 5) Raise the Red Lantern tells a compelling and sorrowful story of a young women whose life is destined to be ruined in a male-dominated society. This can be an awakening of some sort to any woman. As Ward states in her text, women learn the rules of our half of the world as well as those of the other half, since we regularly move in and out of the male world. There she defines womens culture. The term has also been used in its anthropological sense to encompass the familial and friendship networks of women, their affective ties, their rituals. It is important to understand that womans culture is never a subculture. It would hardly be appropriate to define the culture of half of humanity as a subculture. Women live social existence within the general culture. Whenever they are confined by patriarchal restraint or segregation into separateness, they transform this restraint into complementarily and redefine it. Thus, women live a duality- as members of the general culture and as partakers of womans culture. (Lerner 1986:242) Much like the quote stated, Raise the Red Lantern is set in Northern China in the 1920s. For thousands of years the people of China have formed family life around patrilineal decent. The assessment of traditional China life was patriarchal. A basis of this set up would be from Confucius. In childhood, Before marriage, Obey your father In adulthood, During marriage, Obey your husband In widowhood, After marriage, Obey your son States in the text, the lowest moment of a womans life was her wedding day. Cut off from her natal family, the young bride was an outsider and the object of deep suspicion in her new husbands household. The only was to earn a place for herself was to have sons. Songlian quits college after her father has passed away and becomes Zuoquian Chens fourth wife. When Songlian, who chooses to walk from her house to Chens house instead of riding in the wedding carriage, arrives at Chens house, there is no sign of a celebration, an omen of things to come. Bound by tradition and inflamed with jealousy, none of the three wives come out to greet the new bride. An old housekeeper welcomes and acknowledges the arrival of Songlian, and he guides her to her new room through the houses elaborate structure. To her surprise, in a long walk from the front door to her room, she doesnt see a single person. The lack of human presence couples with the absence of a wedding reception to create an impersonal atmosphere that prevails throughout the film. Songlian must as Ward mentions in her book, swallow such customs as breaking and binding little girls feet. Every evening, a red lantern is lit in front of the courtyard of the wife Chen chooses to sleep with. Contrary to its traditional symbolism red is anything but festive. There is no love among the wives only hatred. The relationships between Chen and his wives are purely sexual. Rather than helping each other out and raising their status within the family, the wives are constantly fighting among themselves to win favors from Chen. The wives who live in separate houses must compete for the affections and privileges of the master in accordance with his customs. Jealousy abounds between the wives and the scheming keeps the tensions high. Each night a lantern is lit in favor of whom the master will be with. Shortly afterwards all the lanterns of the wifes home and courtyard are also lit and the privileges begin. In all human cultures most women marry and bear children regardless of what women personally want to do. Ward states, We live our lives against a backdrop of the social structures, rules and expectations from a particular point in history and with in those cultural framework. Through the four wives they portray types of work. The number one way a woman can become powerful through work is reproduction. Having and raising children as well as care for others, is a way to develop

Converting Cubic Inches to Liters

Converting Cubic Inches to Liters This example problem demonstrates how to convert cubic inches to liters, using the real-life scenario of engine displacement, which is the combined swept displacement of all of the machines pistons in their cylinders. When someone describes the power of a car, that person might say that it has a 3.3-liter engine or some such example. Problem Many small car engines have an engine displacement of 151 cubic inches. What is this volume in liters? Working the Solution 1 inch 2.54 centimeters First, convert the measurements to cubic measurements. (1 inch)3 (2.54 cm)3 1 in3 16.387 cm3 Second, convert to cubic centimeters. Set up the conversion so that the desired unit will be canceled out. In this case, we want cubic centimeters to be the remaining unit. volume in cm3 (volume in in3) x (16.387 cm3/1 in3) volume in cm3 (151 x 16.387) cm3 volume in cm3 2,474.45 cm3 Third, convert to liters. 1 L 1,000 cm3 Set up the conversion so that the desired unit will be canceled out. In this case, we want liters to be the remaining unit. volume in L (volume in cm3) x (1 L/1,000 cm3) volume in L (2,474.45/1,000) L volume in L 2.474 L Answer A 151–cubic inch engine displaces 2.474 liters of space (or air).

Three Main Components Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Three Main Components - Essay Example It is therefore important to understand the functions, structure and how the criminal American criminal justice system works. The criminal justice system three main components charged with different roles that ensure justice and order. These are the police, courts and corrections working synergistically to serve the intended purpose. Police component of the criminal justice system is composed of state and special service police. State police arm is charged with the roles of patrolling highways, enforcing law & order in rural locations and assisting in the investigative function of local police. Special service police ensure law enforcement in institutions such as the transport sector, school districts, housing etc. The court system in the United States is divided into two i.e. state and federal courts. There is in that states have their own independent court systems. Three levels exist in most state court systems which are the court with limited jurisdiction, courts with general jurisdiction as well as appellate courts. Courts majorly are charged with guarding the constitution in addition to assurance of l aw and order. Corrections are those functions of the criminal justice system aimed at rehabilitating offenders. Programs include paroles, probation, and prisons. Prisons are also of two types; detention and correctional facilities. The court system is the most effective component of the criminal justice system when it comes to discharge its duties. This because it involves adversaries; defense attorney and prosecutor work as opponents while defending their clients’ rights. Victims and the state are represented by the prosecutor while accused persons are represented by their attorneys. The courts are at all times mindful of the individual rights of both accused persons and victims as they are guardians of the constitution. They are obliged to follow â€Å"Due process right† as envisaged in the

Summary for FAITH integration readings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary for FAITH integration readings - Essay Example Throughout the Bible, there are ideas and inferences that touch on the aspect of supply and demand in relation to the necessities of faith. One of the most important necessities of faith is the grace of God, upon which all other elements of Christianity and biblical spirituality are based. There are relations that connect the Biblical reference to grace and sin to the supply and demand elements of economics. This bearing is brought through the correlation between the offence of one man, Adam, and the subsequent death that resulted, and the grace and gift of righteousness that is bound to result from Christ (International Standard Version Rom. 5:17). From this, we can note that there is a relationship that exists between grace and sin according to the existences of both Adam and Jesus Christ. Additionally, there are elements of supply and demand in light of the relationship between sin and death such that as much as sin brought death, the Lord’s grace reigns through righteousne ss unto eternal life (International Standard Version Rom. 5:20-21). Therefore, the relationship that exists between grace and sin is of a supply-demand nature, and as such, grace counters whenever sin increases and sin also monitored by the grace and righteousness, much like in economic parlance. Still on the economic bearing, the grace of God has a price to it, which is following Jesus Christ. In supply and demand, the element of price plays a critical role in determining the equilibrium between the two forces (Marshall 228). The only way to grace and righteousness, therefore, is through embracing Christ and living by the ideals of righteousness. In this way, Christ is a representation of the grace of the Lord, and it is the only means for attaining righteousness. Therefore, the whole relationship between sin and grace or righteousness is based on the need and ability to

Uprising in Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Uprising in Middle East - Essay Example A clear view of the entire episode can be comprehended and truly understood only by looking into the factors and elements that contributed to it, the factors and the course that was adopted and what have been the short term outcomes of the entire event as it has unfolded. Egypt faced the heat in form of massive gathering across the Tehrir square which later on became an emblem of revolution and uprising. Egypt has had a history of dictators and usurpers ruling over the people against their wishes and with little political or social participation. It is something that was in offing for a long while, and any place where human rights violation, social and political depravity becomes order of the day, a revolt and revolution finds its way in return. The focus of study is other factors and the neighboring social circumstances as well that ran in parallel and how they propelled an atmosphere of uprising. Understanding the overall scenario of Egypt uprising requires understanding and exploration of the reasons, impact and background of the revolutions that took place in Yemen and Libya. This also includes the study of the regions and the countries that were mostly likely to face and taste revolution yet they survived it and till date have no events and signs on instability that would be seen in form of revolution and overthrow of the government. On economic front it was the downtrodden state of the masses that compelled them into revolt and rebellion, where large percentage of the people lived below poverty line, with no basic facilities of life, no proper education, no health care facilities and far from the basic commodities that are right of every individual. .Religious element and their role cannot be undermined for they provided a platform of awareness and social and political activity which was needed in the environment

Question Of Ethics In Photojournalism Media Essay

Question Of Ethics In Photojournalism Media Essay Ever since the practice of illustrating news stories with photographs was made possible at the turn of the 20th century, newspapers have relied heavily on strong, topical imagery that contributes greatly to the news media by making facts of an event relatable to the viewer. Photojournalists thence are not only expected to produce content thats timely and narrative, theyre also guided by a rigid ethical framework which demands that the work is both honest and impartial in strict journalistic terms. Weve all heard the saying: A picture is worth more than a thousand words, and over time, it has become apparent that no picture is worth more words than a picture that documents death and suffering caused by natural disasters, or death porn, as its often referred to as. Its true that when it comes to making headlines, photographs of human misery and devastation win the prize. Whether its an earthquake in Haiti or floods in Pakistan; a Tsunami in Japan or a hurricane in North America nothing resonates with viewers and readers like a graphic sometimes even downright gory image of the incident printed on the front page of a newspaper the very next day, or in a matter of hours in case of websites, making photojournalists and their work more and more popular and significant as we progress further into the digital age. It is important to note, however, that with such popularity comes great responsibility. While it would be nice to presume that every photojournalist is honest and complies with the ethical framework that dictates absolute objectivity, it sadly isnt the case. Like any other form of journalism, the problem with photojournalism ethics is that answers are not easily found when they are most needed. Ethics is an inherently subjective field, and hence what answers there are, are often derived from emotional outbursts of personal opinion rather than from the calm of reason like they should be. What are the Photographers personal motives? We need to understand that photojournalists are constantly defining reality. By selecting what stays in the 35mm frame and becomes a picture that will eventually be seen by the world, the photographer makes a conscious decision to edit out parts of a scene which may or may not have contextual relevance to the story. Decisions regarding camera, lens, angle of view, lighting, and modern editing tools such as Photoshop can very well change a photographs meaning and are therefore constant considerations. Especially in cases of natural disasters when conveying the news of the calamitys magnitude is important but the honour of victims is also at stake, photojournalists have a moral responsibility to decide what pictures to take and what pictures to eventually show to the public. This is where the issue of personal loyalties comes in. Photojournalists, like the rest of us, are human beings driven by self-esteem, self-actualisation and economic motives. It might be in some ways right to assume that if a photographer while on assignment in Haiti, for example, was more loyal to their own career progression, high on the idea of winning the Pulitzer for taking heart-wrenching pictures of children crushed under rubble of cement and steel while their mothers weep helplessly, instead of being loyal to the profession and documenting the aftermath of the earthquake in an impartial, non-sensational fashion, might be more prone to ethical oversights. The same rule applies for editors that operate in the newsrooms. It is important to understand that a photographer may in fact usually does have a very different ethical alignment than an editor, the organisation or the readers depending on catastrophe that he or she is covering. Taking a picture of a subject in an unfortu nate state is the photographers choice, usually based on a split-second decision, while publishing that photograph on the front page for the world to see is the editors choice which is made after a significant amount of contemplation and discussion. The problem of unpredictable audience reactions and a photographers dilemma: to shoot or not to shoot? You have to have an inner voice to tell you when to shoot and when not to shoot. Try to be the eyes of the reader you know that you are there doing your job because other people cant be there. It is a pretty heavy responsibilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Our job is act as professionals and to show the world images that they cant see because they arent there. Says veteran photojournalist and Pulitzer finalist John Tlumacki, who has documented many natural as well as man-induced disasters during his decades-long career. News organizations and photojournalists often find themselves besieged by furious critics accusing them of publishing insensitive, graphic photos of disaster-struck zones that are not necessarily newsworthy and only serve to further the victims misery. However, according to Saeed Memon, a photojournalist who works for Pakistans Dawn News, the only way he felt he could really help people during the 2010 floods was by taking pictures that told the world of peoples stories and plight. Photographing the flood victims was one of the hardest jobs Memon was ever assigned. The misery and destruction is not something one can imagine sitting in the comfort of their homes, and photographing people die of disease and hunger following a natural disaster, he says, can be more psychologically rattling than photographing dead bodies in a war zone. Ive photographed dead children and people from decent families who were literally begging for food. The pictures I took not only haunt me but keep remindi ng me of the misery that I witnessed But do I regret taking the pictures? Absolutely not. The world needed to know. The same goes for every photographer who has covered the events in Haiti, New Orleans and South-East Asia after the Indian Ocean Tsunami: they just happened to be at the right place at the wrong time, and most of them seem to concur that the enormity of such disasters just cannot be communicated without graphic photos, which eventually foster support for rebuilding the devastated regions. But the questions that arise about these photographers moral and professional character once their work reaches the public are just a small price to pay. The publics reaction serves as a barometer of a photojournalists ethics. Public generated content Today, with the rise in technology and digital cameras, photographs flow in torrents. We have become documentarians; recorders of anything and everything, all the time, so if and when a disaster strikes, the influx of amateur photos and videos shot by self-proclaimed citizen journalists who know little or nothing about the journalists code of ethics is overwhelming. Although such no-holds-barred or tabloidy content might not be published by credible newspapers run by trained journalists and ombudsmen, it is quickly and easily splashed over the internet for all to see. And this gives professional photojournalists a bad name, according to Tlumacki. What people need to realize is that we are news photographers, not somebody out there with an iPhone, jumping over people to put images on YouTube. The decision making process: questions to ask self After every natural disaster, editors struggle to come up with answers to some critical questions: Will a picture offend the dignity of victims? Will the viewers appreciate it? Will not showing it sanitise the heartbreaking reality that is in fact newsworthy? All these contemplations lead to the ultimate question: where should the news media draw the line? The sheer magnitude of a disaster has much influence on an editors disposition. The Times ran a dramatic front-page photo of a woman overcome with grief amid rows of dead children after the Indian Ocean tsunami, and again, when Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans, it ran another front-page picture of a body floating near a bridge where a woman was feeding her dog. The newspapers first public editor, Daniel Okrent, despite being bombarded with criticism, concluded the paper was right to publish these pictures because they told the story of the disaster. It is true that the more images of unimaginable suffering are published, the more international aid pours in because the victims are representatives of tens of thousands of people whose plight is essentially exemplified by the photojournalist, and it thus publicising their suffering can prove to be valuable in potentially saving many others. At the same time however, it must be remembered that if the images dont help propel the story, and are not respectful to the victims by infringing their privacy and photographing the deceased in stages of undress, or simply taken out of context by irresponsible and/or sensationalist close-ups, then the whole purpose of their job is rendered moot. Media biases There are multiple standards for choosing the photographs that go into print. One of the most significant standards proximity to readership prevents most newspapers from publishing graphic photos with local stories, no matter how significant the catastrophe. Many editors argue that if audiences are only exposed to explicit photos when the subjects can be classified as geographically, racially or socioeconomically different from the locals, then the photos themselves become a marker of difference. Western media has time and again been accused of treating deaths of these other more graphically and insensitively than the deaths of white people in the U.S. and Europe, and this was illustrated well in The hierarchy of global suffering: A critical discourse analysis of television news reporting on foreign natural disasters, published in the Journal of International Communication, a comparative analysis of glaringly biased news coverage by Western media during disasters in Australia, Indo nesia, Pakistan and USA. Concluding philosophies As a medium of storytelling that has progressively come to take precedence over the written word, photojournalism today has become more popular than ever, with thousands of brilliant, newsworthy but often also unnecessarily explicit images being published in newspapers, magazines and websites across the world every day. In his seminal textbook, Photojournalism, the Professionals Approach, author and photojournalism professor Kenneth Kobrà © writes, Photojournalism has no Bible, no rabbinical college, no Pope to define correct choices. Many studies conducted on the ethics of photojournalism over the years try to reach a conclusion by either interpreting general moral rules or specific guidelines of professional, ethical behavior in a journalistic context, but the truth is, no specific course of action can ever be completely right for all audiences for every imaginable situation. What can be conceded to however, is that truth laced with objectivity, beyond all other principles, is t he guiding warranty for ethical journalism in all situations and disaster coverage is certainly not an exception.

Veterinary Ultrasound Applications Essay -- ultrasound, technology,clin

When someone hears the word â€Å"ultrasound†, they probably immediately think babies, pregnancy, and those fuzzy black and white computer screens displaying the picture of a developing fetus. Modern medicine has now gone much further than those often grainy flat images a mother used to see. Three dimensional and even 4-D imaging is possible, and not only in medical facilities, but in veterinary clinics. Only a few universities were using this technology in the 1970 and 1980s, but today, modern advancements and availability allows clinics to depend on this technology for all kinds of cases. (Epperley, 2012) So how does it work, and is it actually worth all the training and expense to purchase one of these machines? One will see that each clinic may have its own needs as its own budget for this equipment, but only being fully educated on the uses of this technology will help owners decide if a machine is right for them. So what is ultrasound technology and how in the world does it work? The word â€Å"ultrasound† is actually the practice of using sound waves to produce an image called a sonogram. This works by the machine producing sound waves at a frequency higher than humans can hear, and sending them through a targeted area on the body. As these waves travel through the body, they hit objects such as organs, blood, and air, and bounce off of them. The more dense the surface of the object the stronger the waves will bounce, or echo back. A machine then converts these echoes into digital imaging, where a technician known as a sonographer, can view it on a computer screen in real time. For example, if gallstones are present in the gallbladder, sound waves passing through will echo off of these dense stones and they will show... ...ions Continue to Expand. Veterinary Ultrasound Applications Continue to Expand. Retrieved March 29, 2014, from http://www.veterinarypracticenews.com/vet-dept/small-animal-dept/veterinary-ultrasound-applications-continue-to-expand.aspx Tremayne, J. (2011, August 18). Veterinary Ultrasound: A Go-to Diagnostic Tool. Veterinary Ultrasound: A Go-to Diagnostic Tool. Retrieved March 29, 2014, from http://www.veterinarypracticenews.com/vet-dept/small-animal-dept/ultrasound-a-go-to-diagnostic-tool.aspx Tiffany, L. (2008, October 22). Ultrasound Remains A Sound Investment. Veterinary Practice News. Retrieved March 29, 2014, from http://www.veterinarypracticenews.com/vet-dept/equine-large-animal-dept/ultrasound-remains-a-sound-investment.aspxr What is an Ultrasound. (2012, May 16). Medical News Today. Retrieved March 31, 2014, from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles

Exceptional needs children Essay

Michael Michael, a five-year-old male, just diagnosed with hearing loss and a speech disorder, has not learned to speak properly and is working with a speech therapist three times a week. Michael does not show any progress in learning letters or numbers. His parents are worried that he might be labeled in school and not allowed to participate in regular classroom activities. Michael is scheduled to start kindergarten in a month and the school psychologist wants to test him to see if he should be placed in special education classes. After speaking with Michael’s parents, it is found that he is an only child and does not play with children in the neighborhood. Although, he has occasionally play dates, Michael struggles to make friends. Due to children not responding to Michael when he tries to talk to them, there is little contact, causing Michael to be socially immature. To begin a plan to help Michael with his learning and social skills, there must be an understanding to why he has a hearing disorder as well as seeking strategies to support him in school. Use the definition laid out in IDEA to describe Michael’s hearing disorder and the competency based individualized strategies for supporting him in a school setting. According to (Heward, 2013) p. 313, Michael is suffering from deafness. His hearing loss is so severe that he is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification, which causes an effect on educational performance. Most special educators distinguish between children who are deaf and those who are hard of hearing. Michael is deaf and cannot use hearing to understand speech. If Michael was able to hear, he would be able to understanding and interpret speech without using any special device or techniques. Due to Michael’s deafness, a hearing aid, would not allow him to understand speech through the ears alone. Most deaf people use their vision as a primary sensory mode for learning and communication. Michael is unable to make friends and his  disabilities interfere with his social development. As a person that has worked with disabilities I feel that part of this is because he is an only child and when he has play dates Michael doesnâ €™t understand them completely and because of his hearing and language it is also because the people that come over the play have a hard time understanding him. It is possible that Michael is socially immature because he can’t be understood and is not at the age mentally as the rest of the children his age. I feel that if Michael had a sibling either younger or a couple years older he would have a better understanding of how to make friends because he would be around someone daily it would also help him to grow and become more mature. Since he is starting Kindergarten his year it would be great if he could get meet some of the kids earlier and make a friendship or play date with some class mates so he doesn’t get over whelmed as easy about the change. A hearing impairment can be considered a culture difference for Michael because he shares a language with other people that have this common issue and as he gets older social practices as well. Per our text many deaf people do not view themselves as disabled and consider hearing loss and inappropriate and demeaning term because it suggests a deficiency or pathology. It also refers to people in the individual way people who identify the Deaf culture prefer term such a teacher of the Deaf, school for the Deaf and the Deaf person (Hewa rd, W. L. 2013) Deaf culture is shared language (in the U.S. American Sign Language ASL) social practices, literature and beliefs of the Deaf community: members do not view deafness as a disability. One way that communication impacts â€Å"Deaf Culture is what individuals with disabilities identify with. As a professional we can help Michael bridge the social and culture gap to be able to interact more with his peers by insuring him that it is ok to make friends, and use the resources that he has been, his hearing aids if he has them are great to help with hearing to understand speech, because he is developed mainly through the auditory channel, even if it is delayed. As professionals we could give Michael step by step directions to follow and be able to do observation on Michael to measure his progress to date. As the professional working with Michael I would encourage him to wear his hearing aids if he has them and start a reward program for him for following the expected behavior, also remember to give him positive reinforcement, if he hears the positive reinforcement and the encouragement  and excitement in your actions then he will want to follow also because kids want to make their elder happy. As Michaels parents they could encourage play dates and interaction with other people his own age. If they are not planning on having any more children and Michael is going to remain an only child maybe the family can get some cousins to come and play on regular basis as well as children from around the neighborhood. Since he will be starting Kindergarten in a month the teacher in the class room could modify some of the learning lessons that she will teach to make them more on his level, also the teacher can communicate with all the others that are involved in the child’s life and come to a plan that is going to work for everyone and it can be used all around the board. All children that are exceptional need to be evaluated for their progress, I would have the teacher make some tally marks for the behavior for the day and let the child work towards a prize once that is completed I would ask the teacher to add the tally marks and make it so that it can be observed in a percentage for example out of 10 tries to hear and responds to the word that was said Michael will wear his hearing aids for 5 out of 10 trials, or 50% of the time if it is only 3 times out of the ten that Michael does this then it can be observed as 30 % of the time and it can be observed weekly and progress can be marked and measured to see what the progress would be. Also making use of all and any reinforcements that can be used will help the child to be successful. Since it is known that the child has a hearing problem it should be given out at first notice and then the child can sit up front in class and since most teachers have seating charts for their classroom it would not seem unusual for the child to be placed up front if others ask what the issue is later then it with consent the teacher can say something to make it known to the class, some children will tell anyway but as the teacher in the classroom she should encourage the other children in the classroom to interact with Michael so that he can be excited to go to school. And most important of all enjoy his learning and school experience. As we learned with Michael people that are deaf or blind lose some of the most important things in life and it is not an easy thing to overcome the person can live a wonderful life but needs the encouragement and support to do so. So for Michael our 5 year old male that is hearing impaired and has trouble with his speech with the help of all the resources that are available and  coaching Michael can grow to be a very smart male later in life. He will also learn to be respectful and his hearing and speech will improve. References Heward, W.L. (2013). Exceptional needs children (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

The Voice Within - Critical Analysis essays

The Voice Within - Critical Analysis essays I felt that this song was explicit in its dealings with experience, as it focused generally on the ideas that one can only truly trust ones self when times get rough, and that it is through fighting through your bad experiences that you come out stronger. Innocence was portrayed mostly through symbolism and the repetition of the idea of the young girl. Also, the song drew parallels within itself, so as to depict the journey from innocence to experience, in self-reference. Experience was explored in the text through various vehicles, and in its various manifestations. The idea that the world has fallen in line two, expresses a sense of total misery and vulnerability. It is only through an awful or a series of awful experiences the world. Also, the line is very similar to the idiom ones wall is falling. The similarity draws the audiences attention to the idea that the subject is exposed to the adversities of the world, without any protection or salvation. In line four, the words, youll soon be free to fly evoke images of a soaring eagle, which is a very powerful symbol of experience, and of overcoming the experiences which may have prevented one from succeeding in their pursuits. I felt that the next stanza and the fifth stanza were poignant in their scrutiny of innocence, and paralleled each other befittingly. I felt that the idea of dreaming and the concept of nothing is harder than it seems reflected the childlike concepts that most people lose with maturity in both age and practise. Thus the image evoked is the young girl figure we have become aquatinted with, in the fantastic state of naivety. In the fifth stanza, we look to reality rather than fantasy. ...in a world where innocence is quickly claimed we see that the experiences of reality are so far removed from the ideal dream world of the young girl, that she has no choice but to accept re...

Abortion Ethics essays

Abortion Ethics essays Abortion is a very controversial subject that has been continually argued over for the past few years and probably many years to come. The main controversy is should abortion be legalized? First before we get into the many sides of abortion we must first define abortion. Abortion is the destruction of the fetus or unborn child while the child is still in the mothers womb. This can be done by almost anyone from the mother herself to back alley abortions and even to abortions by clinics set up especially for this purpose. There are two sides to this abortion topic the PRO-LIFE which is those who are against abortion altogether and the PRO-CHOICE or those who believe it is the womans right to choose if she wants to have an abortion. These two groups offer different solutions to problem. The pro-life solution is to have the child and basically live with it. They believe abortion is not an answer. The pro-choice solution is abortion because of reasons they feel are appropriate. Although abortion is morally and ethically wrong should it be legal for victims of rape or incest who have no other alternative? There is no real answer to this controversy, there are two sides to it though which have been arguing for many years over the subject. The first is the pro-life group. This group does not believe in the abortion factor. To understand where the pro-life stands we must first understand its beliefs and reasons for its beliefs. Then we can discuss what their solution to the Pro-life believes that rape and incest are very emotional topics. "They often elicit throughout the population feelings of revulsion; people draw back from the issue of rape and incest. People don't know how to handle a person who is in that much pain. There is no quick fix. That is why it is difficult for even pro-life people to come to grips with the argume...

Theories of Entrepreneurship Failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 15000 words

Theories of Entrepreneurship Failure - Essay Example This study looks into an entrepreneurship as something that many people look toward and few people accomplish. In the world of work, as the economy changes and workers lose traditional jobs, many are finding that entrepreneurship can be their next way to earn an income. The challenge with this idea is that many small businesses fail for a number of reasons and this often leaves the small business owner looking for a new job. Many people mistakenly think that â€Å"entrepreneurship† and â€Å"small business owner† are synonymous. The challenge with this thought is that there are many small businesses, but only a few real entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs find failure many times but there are a variety of reasons for it. Cardon, Stevens, and Potter suggest that failure is an â€Å"important phenomenon† because it leads to the entrepreneur’s ability to understand and make sense of what happened. In this way, they can make choices to do something different or begin another entrepreneurial venture. There are many theories that will be discussed in this essay to discuss scholarly views on the nature and types of theory. There are a variety of discussions that present the nature of theories and why they are important. Harlow states that one of the challenges to the word theory is that there are so many different ways that it is used. In other words, there is no universal meaning for this word. Harlow also notes that research uses theory to mean the relevant aspects of the literature that are important in building a background of information about the specific topic. As an example, in entrepreneurship, the use of theories will provide a foundation for the study of how entrepreneurship and failure are presented. Gelso (2006) describes theory from a more scientific point of view than Harlow (2009). Gelso posits that science and theory work together and one without the other would be very different. Gelso states that science must exist in collaborat ion with research in order to present solid research. In one respect, â€Å"science without controlled, empirical research would consist of only untested ideas and biases† (Gelso, 2006, para. 2), which would render research unusable. Gelso defines a theory as â€Å"a statement of the suspected relationship between and among variables† (Gelso, 2006, para. 9). With this understanding, Gelso suggests that the individual researcher can provide an integrated approach to the topic under study and make valuable assumptions about the research. Wacker (1998) adds to this discussion by stating that the difference in the way that professionals view theory is in the â€Å"exact nature† of the theory (p. 361). Wacker states that there are several reasons why theory is important to every discipline. These reasons are: â€Å"It provides a framework for analysis It provides an efficient method for field development It provides a clear explanation for the pragmatic world† (Wacker, 1998, p. 362). In stating such, Wacker (1998) supports the ideas of Gelso (2006) and Harlow (2009) in that theory is important and that it lays the foundation for research to be built upon. Waker also states that developing theory lessens the possibility of error because the researchers can build upon current theory; this leads to efficiency. Wacker (1998) creates a definition of theory using what academic theory understands as important. Theories are made of four factors in his definition. They must define terms or variables, they must have a domain where the theory generates from, the variables must have some type of relationship and the theory must have specific claims (Wacker, 1998, p. 363). This idea corresponds with Gelso (2006) and gives a foundation to the idea that research must be grounded in secure theories in order for them to be sound. Henderikus (2007) also has presented information regarding theory in a similar way as Wacker (1998). Henderikus (2007) suggest s that theory is a more mathematical concept and therefore

The Differences Between Microsoft IIS Server, Apache Web Server, and Research Paper

The Differences Between Microsoft IIS Server, Apache Web Server, and Other Web Server Hosting Applications - Research Paper Example Web server stores web pages (contain graphics, text, and multimedia) written using mark up language, and they serve static content across the network to a client’s computer web-browser program. The browser and the server communicate using HTTP. A web server provides essential services across the network to both the private users within organizations, or to public users through the internet, and manages network resources. This is usually based on client-server computing, whereby the client represents the user’s workstations, which acquire services from the server. Web servers contain the following components; platform (computer hardware, network operating system, and software), software (receives and processes requests for documents), and information. There is a variety of web servers; this includes Apache HTTP server, Internet Information Services, Lighttpd, Sun Java System Web Server, Apache Tomcat, Xitami, Zues, and Jigsaw server. They possess an IP address, and a dom ain name, both of which are used for request, retrieval, and sending of information to clients and other servers (Yeager, McGrath, 1996). Microsoft IIS Server IIS is Microsoft’s web server, which runs under versions of windows 2000, 2003, and 2008. IIS describes different servers and services responsible for transferring files, supporting user communication, and publishing information. IIS is composed of five components handled by a number of service hosts. It has HTTP capabilities added to the windows operating system and supports the worldwide publishing services, protocols such as FTP service, Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) service, and SMTP service for e-mail. Its operating system supports .NET applications, and it allows efficient addition of internet capabilities that weave directly into the organizations infrastructure (Jones, Brown, 2003). Advantages of IIS IIS improves the performance for both static and dynamic pages. Stability is guaranteed in terms of prote ction of individual processes so that problems with clients or third party application do not result in slowing down or crashing the entire system. IIS enables users to run different applications using the browser, without installation of special software. IIS applications are compatible with a variety of browser software and operating systems, and provide a familiar development environment and model. It provides reusability of components through the ease of access of web classes from subsequent web classes. IIS prevents non-malicious scripts from modifying files through its expanded set of authentication methods, hence guaranteeing security. The IIS has a variety of features including application health monitoring, dynamic content caching (reduces CPU overhead), process isolation (enables assigning applications to different pools), and improved logging. IIS is multithreaded. Disadvantages of IIS The IIS is designed to work under the windows environment only hence limiting its funct ionality, IIS limits users to HTTP only while using Windows XP and Windows server 2003. There are overhead costs incurred in terms of purchasing the product, and installation. Apache Web Server Apache is a program that runs under a suitable multitasking operating

Contrast, Comparison, and Definition of Writing Style Essay

Contrast, Comparison, and Definition of Writing Style - Essay Example In this essay about Purchasing a Home, it stands quite right to define the concept of defining the idea of ‘Buying a House’ and what it may mean to different people. Definition essays also mean to illustrate the application of the terms that is sought to be defined hence, it is quite correct to want to define the concept of ‘purchasing a house’, before delving further into it. In this essay, although the terms ‘purchasing a house’ literally means to buy a house, however, the implications of buying a house may vary with different points of view. People may have their own reasons and needs to clarify the term. Emphasis can be laid on similarities of opinions while buying a house; wherein a certain class of people may or may not like a certain kind of house. On the basis of this, one can use the ‘Contrast Essay’ methodology onto this essay. One can accentuate the contrasts in this essay in a number of ways. For example, the advantages of one kind of house over the other or purchasing a house in an urban area as opposed to purchasing a house in a rural area. Contrasts can be made in the prices of houses that are being purchased. In fact, all areas of subjectivity can be issued to contrast essays. Usually, contrasting in this essay will involve analyzing the situations that are being put forth by the writer.

A middle class family named The Birlings Essay Example for Free

A middle class family named The Birlings Essay An Inspector Calls, written by J. B. Priestley, is about a middle class family named The Birlings. The Birlings lived in an up and growing industrial town in the north midlands. Set in 1912, the Birlings were happily celebrating their daughter Sheilas engagement to a respectable businessman, Gerald Croft. However, the modest celebration turned out to be more than eventful when an unexpected inspector arrives enquiring the suicide and death of a young girl names Eva Smith. Whilst doing so, the inspector unlocks a chain of family secrets along the way. The play, in its time, proved to be very popular, and still does so today. In this play, I think that J. B. Priestley chose the characters very well. I think that what made the play so appealing is the way in which he gave each character such a strong personality. Each member of the Birling family has a unique personality and throughout the play some of the Birling family change. I do think however, that the Birlings as a whole family are quite stereotypical. The Birlings come across as a family that have wealth and seem to be quite a respected family of a high class. At the beginning of the play, the Birling family seem to be quite a closely bonded family but throughout the play this bond seems to drift apart as they recognise their differences. The family consists of four very unique and exciting individuals: Arthur Birling- A very self-obsessed, wealthy business man, also very self-opinionated. The perfect example of an old snob. Obviously very proud of his achievements in life, but with his heart set on a knighthood which would be his ultimate achievement. Sybil Birling- Considers herself high in regard to social standings, largely on the back of her husbands success and wealth. Possibly a Hyacinth Bucket of her time. A very unlikeable woman who sees lots of people as being beneath her. Sheila Birling- comes across as a very polite and obedient woman, looking forward to her engagement to Gerald Croft. However, as the play goes on, Sheila begins to realise the truth about herself and the Birling family, and begins to stand up against them. Eric Birling-Quite an enclosed person. Erics personality is hard to detect. He seems to be the outcast of the family, and the family do not discover until later on in the play that Eric is in fact a heavy drinker and was to father a illegitimate child. A typical wealthy young man of the day.

Consumer Knowledge About Nutritional Information Marketing Essay

Consumer Knowledge About Nutritional Information Marketing Essay The research is based on the impact of nutritional labeling on consumer buying behavior. the purpose of the study is to identify the factors that influence consumers to consider nutritional labeling while making a purchase from them or for their house hold. Moreover it also determines that printed nutritional value on packaged food products is essential for the consumer buying decision. This study made the researchers clear about the knowledge a consumer have about a nutritional content of package food products and also the nutrients a consumer look for their healthy diet through detailed published articles, journals and blogs related to food label. Many articles were referred for understanding of the reasons which play an important role in consumer buying behavior. This research is based on quantitative data; secondary data is referred for the understanding of the topic. The data is collected through questionnaires from 200 respondents of different age, gender, income and education level living in different areas of Karachi mainly from Defence/Clifton, KDA/Bahadarabad/PECHS, North Nazimabad/Nazimabad/F.B. Area, Gulshan e Iqbal/Gulistan e Jauhar/Malir and Saddar. The findings which are analyzed through this research are that there are various factors that influence consumers to read nutritional labeling while making a purchase. By these findings the researchers are able to develop a framework representing the socio economic classifications (SEC) that have an impact on consumer buying behavior. result_________________________ Introduction: Background: Labeling is defined as printed information or written text on the container of the product or it can be define as a subset of packaging (Prathiraja Ariyawardana, 2003). In food industry, labeling might just include the name of a brand, name of a product or logo but mostly it includes variety of information about a product like nutritional information, manufacturing date, expiration date, method of usage, contacts etc along with brand name, product name and logo. A label is one of the points of contact between producer and purchaser and is also a part of producer marketing plan (Prathiraja Ariyawardana, 2003). Labeling make consumers aware about any unique characteristic of the food, its nutritional properties, the way to use and how to preserve, all of these are of the upmost importance when buying, since the consumer has the opportunity to make purchasing decision (Senesi, Nayga, Gà ³mez, Palau, Ordoà ±ez, 2006). The items that consumers are most likely to read are price, prepa ration, manipulation and preservation of products. Another study revealed the items most read comprise calories, fats, sugar and fiber contents (Godwin, Henderson, Thompson, 2006). Information on a food label was found to affect a customer purchase behavior significantly. Nutritional information might make easy label use by increasing its benefits and by increasing the effectiveness of their use, thereby reducing the cost of using them. Nutritional information plays a significant role in providing relevant information to consumer through which the purchasing behavior varies (Prathiraja Ariyawardane, 2003). The level of awareness required to make the purchase decisions are compared across different socio-economic groups. Many investigators have also found that the interest in reading the food labels increases with age up to the mid-fifties, and thereafter it declines (Sushil Kumar Jabir Ali, 2011). The food printed label includes different information but it is found that nutritio nal value is one of the most important information for customers. Research Problem: The purpose of the study is to identify factors on the nutritional food label in influencing purchase decision in accordance with the socio-economic classification (SEC) of the consumers, while secondary objective of the research is to identify the characteristics of consumers and the extent of knowledge concerning nutritional value (senesi et al, 2006). Moreover this research helps to find the relation between printed nutrition value on packaged food product and consumer buying behavior. Consumers will choose better food products if they understand and use the food labels (senesi et al, 2006). The study explores the complex relationship of nutrition knowledge and consumer buying decision (Drichoutis, Lazaridis and Nayga,2006). The study can help to determine that printed nutritional value on packaged food products is essential for the customer buying decision or not. In the context to nutritional labeling, many customer switch towards other products after reading printed nutrition v alue such as fat, calories etc. The study also identifies those nutrition values which have a negative effect on consumer buying behavior. Problem Statement: The impact of printed nutritional labeling on consumer buying behavior. Objective of the study: To analyze the impact of printed nutritional labeling on consumer buying behavior. Sub Objectives: To examine the impact of printed nutritional labeling according to the gender of respondents. To identify how different age group respond to products with nutritional labeling. To analyze how educational level affect the consumers response to nutritional level. To study the impact of households income towards buying products with nutritional labeling. Scope: This research will be a study of Karachi, Pakistan. We will get the forms filled by middle and upper middle class visiting the malls and various supermarkets. We will ask them whether their buying preferences changed after reading the nutrition fact. Justification: By the research we will get to know how nutritional information printed on packaged food will benefit each stake holders: The biggest advantage for consumers will be confidence and ownership as the product is tested under certain standards. They will feel that the product is healthy for them. Consumers will get the advantage of time saving as they dont have to search and find out whether the product is safe or not. It will be beneficial for consumers who are health conscious and individuals who are on special diet recommended by doctors. Consumers can use health claims, which appear on the front of food packages, to recognize foods with positive nutritional qualities related to risk factors. Printed nutritional labeling will serve as a great way of promotion for the manufacture as it will provide their product an image of a safe and healthy brand. The producer will have its own unique product identity. The producer will get the competitive advantage as they will retain the loyal customer, lose fewer customers and attract more new customers. Assumptions: Our assumption is that all the economic indicators will remain same as well as the pattern of buying behavior. This assumption is made so that we can have result that is based on complete objectivity. We are also assuming that the nutrition information printed on the label of the packaged food is correct and by concerned authority. There is no kind of miss interpretation and proper application of government policy is kept in view by the producers while printing of the nutritional labeling.   In this research we are also assuming that consumers are aware of printed nutritional labeling found at the back of the every food item. Limitations: Our study will only consider the impact of gender, income, age, and life style index (LSI) and education level towards consumer buying behavior of nutritional products with printed nutritional labels on them. We are only focusing on those food products that have printed labeling on them. Structure of Report The research is divided into five main chapters which are Introduction, Literature review, Research Methodology, Data Findings and Analysis, Conclusion and Recommendations. Chapter 1 of this research relates to introduction and background of the study, research problem and objectives, justification of the research and a brief study of the search methodology that is used. Chapter 2 is about the previous studies conducted on nutritional labeling and consumer behavior. It also discusses the socio-economic factors which influence consumer buying behavior towards reading nutritional labeling on packaged food products in Karachi. Chapter 3 focuses on the research methodology, research design, sampling techniques, data analysis method, research design, as well as limitations to this research. In Chapter 4, the focus is on the research findings, Chapter 5 on analysis of the data that has been collected from respondents through questionnaires. Chapter 6 is Conclusion and recommendations that have been derived from this research are in Chapter 7. Literature Review: Printed nutrition labels are proposed to be used to help people make healthier choices, and consumers recognize them as a tool to improve health. Consumers can get relevant nutritional information with the help of nutritional labeling. It is found in researches that the consumer purchase behavior is affected by the nutritional labeling. The presence of nutritional information may influence the consumers to switch from unhealthy food products towards healthy food products (Anderson Zarkin, 1992). The interest on the consumers is to purchase and intake of improved nutritional foods which thus depends on the quantity and quality of information provided through a number of sources that also includes nutritional labeling. A printed label not only carries a brand name but also a source of important information (Caswell Padberg, 1999). CONSUMER KNOWLEDGE ABOUT NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION: Due to globalization, consumers are becoming more aware about nutritional information because there is an increase in the food information available to them through sources such as food nutritional labeling, electronic and print media.Advertising involvement is another marketing concept that helps to identify consumer interest in processing making information. The impact of advertising creates a perception in the minds of consumers regarding the product and increases the awareness and reinforces the consumer to purchase a certain brand that has high advertisement involvement (KapoorKulshrestha, 2008). As the consumers have become more demanding now days therefore the producers have understand the psychology of consumers and guide them with practical knowledge to cater the market and serve the people. Consumers can end up making better food choices if they value and make use of the nutritional labeling. The government is also playing an essential part by imposing restrictions on the consumption of some products. Therefore, they are regulating product labeling especially on food processing where it is manufactured. This has a positive effect on consumers behavior as they can get to know the amount of nutrients content present in a food. (Senesi et al, 2006). NUTRITIONAL LABELLING: The nutritional labels have become increasingly important, particularly as products move from the status of basic commodities to highly processed, value-added products significance of a well-balanced diet. Nutrition information on groceries items allows consumers to consume a range of healthy foods, maintain optimum weight and choose a diet with low fat/ cholesterol. Select a diet with abundance of vegetables, fruits, and grain products, and restrain from sugars, salt/sodium that are considered unhealthy. Consumers can use health claims, which appear on the front of food packages, to recognize foods with positive nutritional qualities related to risk factors and wellness. These are the claims about the relationship between a nutrient or a food and the risk of an illness or health-related condition (JeddiZaeim, 2010). A label might carry only the brand name or a great deal of nutritional information (Kotler, 2001). A label is the most important point of contact between the manufacturer and the buyer and it is consider as an important part of marketing as well. It is not only consider a piece of paper stuck on the package but also an expression on which consumer important decisions are based. A label should clearly and simply state the name of the product, the nutrition facts (nutritional label), the net weight, the name and address of the producer, and the brand name. The label printed on the packaged food is mostly viewed before purchasing the product which portrays that the label has an impact on the buying behavior of individuals. Consumers inclination to a food item is directly affected by self-control and temptation. (Hassan et al., 2010), (Campos et al., 2011). The printed food labels act as an indicating tool by which food companies assure that their potential consumers are satisfied regarding to their sound quality control practices. However, there are many issues and questions related to food labeling till date, one such question has been raised around the globe which is how far the consumer is aware of printed food labeling and can they understand the provided relevant information on the package. Consumers who are more health conscious have a habit of reading the label. They prefer to purchase an item that fulfills their daily nutritional value even if the brand is of higher price than the other brands available in market. This behavior can also be applied on consumers who have medical problems such as diabetes or cholesterol. This shows that certain category of consumers is willing to pay a higher price for nutrients beneficial for them (Magistris et al., 2010). Nutritional label benefits the consumers to analyze the factors of packaged food which allow them to have a healthier diet choice. According to the mechanism of the body they can balance the amount food to consume that will help them to stay fit in long run (Drichoutis et al., 2008). The consumers in Middle East give preference to the label at the time of first purchase. A study was carried out which showed that when consumers purchase the product for the first time they read the nutrients present in the food and on latter purchase of the same food brand they check the date till which they can use the product and the date of manufacture (Washi, 2012). Consumers also take into consideration of the health claims relation to nutrition such as vitamin, protein, sugar free and etc. people believe them to be true and help them to make the decision quicker. If certain health claim is present in front they grasp the product and further read the nutrient label to know that what other good nutrients are present in it. Consumers prefer that short and easy words are used so that they can understand them easily. Moreover if the claims are approved by FDA it gives an added advantage and surety that an agency is keeping a check on companies (Williams, 2005). The consumers with the help of labeling gets to know and understand the products characteristics, nutritional properties, preservation and instructions to facilitate the consumers to make a sound decision at the time of purchase, hence it carries a great significance (Senesi et al, 2006). By identifying the factors that have an effect on the peoples use of dietary labeling, the manufacturers can do the profiling of the consumers that do or do not exercise nutritional food labeling. It can result in improving public health, manipulating the proper labeling and increasing the productivity of the company (Senesi et al, 2006). Similarly the people who have much time to spend on grocery shopping are found to be more label users (Drichoustis 2006). It can also be seen that consumers who are more anxious about their health and nutrition give more time to read the printed nutritional labels. Similarly, consumers who are on a special diet or organic buyers or even those that have any kind of disease are preferred to search for on-pack printed nutrition information (Drichoustis 2006). Type of household also holds effect on reading of printed nutritional labels, as in a case where smaller households or households with young children are more involved in nutrition information sea rch behaviors. People with a healthier profile and eating habits prefer to see glance at the printed nutritional labeling for a more appropriate knowledge of the product. Moreover printed nutritional labeling is not directly linked with price and is preferred by people following a special diet plan or with health related issues like high BP, sugar, heart diseases or any kind of food allergies (Magistris et al., 2010). Printed nutritional labeling empowers consumers to have their own view at the components of the products which enables them to have a healthier diet choice in a way which they can intake in their busy life style now a days. (Drichoutis et al., 2008). The effects of printing nutritional labeling can be even greater on the buying behavior of consumer and they can be more educated if labeling is combined with an information campaign. It has been found in the research that purchasing behavior of consumers is effected by the nutritional information present on the label because this information influence their perception about the products and thus change their decision ultimately (Drichoustis 2006). It seems like Nutritional information on the back of the package creates favorable judgments about a product. For example, when a consumer reads the nutrients content on the back of the packaged food product which are beneficial for their health they will compare that particular product with other products and will be more likely to purchase that product. Other researchers have argued that provision of health related or printed nutritional labeling information does not always lead to healthier consumption of diet. Most empirical research, however, suggests that providing printed nutritional labeling information can significantly change dietary patterns in a consumers lifestyle of eating (Drichoustis 2006). Printing of Nutritional labels is also associated with giving consumers an edge to improve their diets by intake of high vitamin C, low cholesterol, and low percentage of calories from fat as they are now able to know what exactly they are consuming. Printed nutrition labeling on packaged foods are very clear sources of nutrition information for the consumers. They are observed as a highly trustworthy source of information and many consumers use it as their guidance in order to make purchase decisions easy. (Campos et al., 2011). It is often seen that there are consumers who considers printed nutritional labeling on the products during their shopping experiences and are happy to pay even a premium on the products having printed nutritional labeling on them. (Loureiro et al., 2006). Printed nutrition labeling information lowers down the usage of products which contain harmful ingredients and increases the consumption of products containing healthy ingredients. (Drichoutis et al., 2006). Purpose of printed nutritional labeling is to educate consumers to shift to healthier food choices, and force the competitors to add more printed nutritional value in their product and to competition on nutritional quality; printed nutritional labeling represents a helpful tool making consumers make informed decisions about their diet and lifestyle. (Daud et al., 2011). Nutritional labeling enables the consumers to have a view at the components of the products which enables them to have a healthier diet choice in which they can improve their intake of the require nutritious and proteins (Drichoutis et al., 2008). Nutrition labels on pre-packaged foods are very clear sources of nutrition information. They are perceived as a highly trustworthy source of information and many consumers use their guidance in order to make purchase decisions (Campos et al., 2011). The results show that there are consumers who considers nutritional labeling on the products during their shopping experiences and are happy to pay even a premium on the products having nutritional labeling on them (Loureiro et al., 2006). Nutrition labeling information decreases the use of products containing harmful components and improves the consumption of the products containing healthy components (Drichoutis et al., 2006). Customers do consider nutritional labeling when making a purchasing decision. Especially the old age people or individuals who are sick or with a special diet recommended having at least tertiary education read nutritional labeling. Moreover households with less than four members were willing to pay more for the nutritional labels (Prathiraja et al., 2003). As a whole nutritional labeling has a huge impact on consumer purchase behavior. There is some evidence that nutrition labeling makes consumers to switch products on the name of healthy and unhealthy diet plans. The preference for nutrient intake usually depends on the demand and supply of the product. From the demand perspective, consumers interest in purchase of healthy diets directly depends on consumers intakes. Consumers ability to make a decision regarding healthy diets usually depends on the information available through different sources (PrathirajaAriyawardana, 2008). If the products does not contain label the consumer may be unaware of its nutritional contents. Consumers usually form their own belief regarding the nutritional value of the product on the basis of information that they get from different sources, However this perception usually lead to either over or under value of the nutritional labeling of the product. Choosing food usually contains a trade of between taste and health contents of a particular product have negative impact on health because individuals usually perceived that decreasing the consumption of the food can lead to improve health conditions (PrathirajaAriyawardana, 2008). The results give a clear signal that printed labels is not linked with gender and age though its consumption relates with the income levels, education and occupation of the consumers. Most lifestyle products such as breakfast cereals, readymade dressings etc. that would mostly be used by people who have relatively higher levels of income and education would pay more attention to various kinds of label information (Sushil Kumar Jabir Ali, 2011). In the context of emerging economies, very little is known regarding consumers expectations and their response to printed food label information (Wang et al., 2008). Pakistans emerging economy is witnessing exceptional boom in the organized retail growth. Its consumers are in the process of changing their consumption/buying behavior especially with respect to food items. Consumption of processed and packaged food items has grown tremendously in the recent past. There is an increase in the demand for healthy food products and with this kind of change in lifestyle and consumption pattern, the quality of food and its safety standards are becoming essential from public policy perspective. ROLE OF FDA (FOOD AND DRUG ASSOCIATION) IN NUTRIONAL LABELLING: Labeling is a part of packaging. Label can be defined as an attachment to the product but according to the Food and Drug Association (FDA), a label is the chief point of contact between the manufacturer and the purchaser. It is described as a crucial part of the manufacturers marketing plan. FDA further explains that the label should carry the name, brand name and the net weight of the product with nutrition facts along with some details of the manufacturer. These food labels increases in complexity as the food products moves from basic commodities to highly process. It therefore keeps a check of the quantity of sugar, fiber, protein that is consumed and allows the purchasers to make an informed decision of the product. (FDA,1998). food_label.jpg With the guidance of dietary health experts, consumers can utilize the nutritional labeling to make better choices and to maintain a well-balanced diet. According to FDA (1998), consumers can enjoy a variety of foods; have a hale and hearty diet with low cholesterol/fats. Take a diet with different fruits or grains and can moderate the usage of salt and/or sodium if nutrition information is practiced. Hence, it carries a relationship between the nutrients and the threat of a disease. If the packaged food products are not labeled, customers may not be aware of their nutrient content. If the consumers form their own belief about nutrient content based on advertising or their own knowledge about food, it can result in underestimation or overestimation of the food content in untagged food products (Anderson and Zarkin, 1992). Especially for prepared food products, nutritional labeling is required more often (Godwin, Henderson, Thompson, 2006). Recently Food and Drug Association (FDA) conducted a research for anticipated changes in the plan and for the usage of the current labels. Therefore, with the sample size of 160 consumers to know if they use the labeling and if so, which part of it is more useful? Almost 21% consumers said that they always examine the tagging while the majority of them told that they often use the label before purchasing the item for consumption. Component of the label most frequently read is of fats, calorie, sugar and fiber contents. The list of ingredients with the health statements were read less. Respondents using high calorie food items like chips, sodas, bakery products etc. said that that do not make use of calorie part while two thirds of them said that they use the labeling rather than relying on their food knowledge and they do understand the importance of labeling. So it can be understood that majority of the respondents use and understand the significant of nutritional labeling and perceived themselves as knowledgeable consumers but a large survey has to be conducted to find the complete awareness and the consumers indulgent. (Godwin, Henderson, Thompson, 2006). A consideration to the food tagging can influence a change in purchasing pattern that can result in improving health. (McLean 2001). FDA with its efforts of providing food information on packaged food items educates the consumers and helps them in the purchasing decision (Satia, GalankoNeuhouser, 2001). CONSUMER AWARENESS ABOUT PACKAGED FOOD PRODUCT: A study was conducted in Islamabad to identify the response of consumer buying behavior in terms of packaging and nutritional labeling. The result showed that Pakistani marketing is getting aware of the nutritional facts of a packaged product. Further, it illustrates that Consumers read the content when they buy packaged food of a particular brand. If repetition is carried out then only manufacture date and expiry date is taken into consideration. The study also found out that a lot of people only check the dates to determine the nutrients. Also, people are still unaware that how much each nutrient is desired by their body and the concept of daily consumption/per meal consumption in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle (Zaidi, 2012). Another study was conducted in our neighboring country, India on Assessing Awareness and Usage Level of Indian Consumer and Influences on Food Buying Behavior. The research show that consumer seek extended information on labels. The result showed satisfactory level of awareness about information available on labels displayed on packaged food and people just skim through the nutrient facts before purchasing the product. In the market consumers also give high value to ingredients and nutrients. Whereas the brand and taste of product is the factor that is consider more as compare to the nutritional value. if these two are liked and the nutrients present are harmful for their health even then product will be purchased (kumar, 2008). Another study conducted in Europe on consumer response to nutrition information on food labels shows that people are aware of the importance of nutrition information on packaged foods. Consumers are aware that in order to maintain a healthy life nutritional food must be taken, therefore they try to make use of the information present on the label as much as they can. However the preference among the consumer differs while purchasing the packaged food such as likeable taste and etc. Secondly consumers prefer to have a simple and easy to understand nutrition information printed on the package. Complicated information and usage of too many jargons leads to confusion and consume their time. They like if noticeable printing to highlight the information as it will catch the eye at once and will also grab the attention of the consumers who are not in the habit of reading the label. Another point that was identified in the study was related to the format of the label and the technical terms including numbers, calculations and even percentages make it difficult for the consumer to decide among the products (Grunert, 2006). Therefore it is extremely beneficial if we find out the likeable ways that grabs the attention of the consumer. The ways would differ depending upon the nature of the product. The psychology of a consumer would be kept in mind while providing the information so that it becomes noticeable and every time when she/he purchases the product reads the label. (Kremers et al. 2006). A research carried out on whether consumers look at nutrition labeling showed it depends on the demographics factors that which nutrients ( sugar, fat, calories) are preferred by the consumers and how much are they interested in reading the nutritional label (Drichoutis et al. 2006). A research paper highlighted that nutrition label on the packaged food can guide consumers to maintain and improve their diet plan and make choices among the food. The effect of nutritional information has a positive impact in switching from one product to another due to beneficial nutrients present in the food. On the other hand nutritional label also have a negative impact on the manufacturer as consumers would avoid the food products that have high content of sugar and fats present it (Nayga, 2006). Consumer search for product information is an active process that involves reading nutritional labeling and then comparing them with other products information and after evaluation of each products information a consumer makes a right decision for purchase. The main cost for a consumer in searching information through label use is the time he/she spends on reading labels; the benefits of this will be healthier food choices. Consumers that are health conscious or have poor health condition through this will be able to search for a more nutritious diet and a healthy life, thus reducing all the risk of an unhealthy diet. Consumers may be aware about the importance of nutritional labeling but time can be an obstacle for the people who have to accomplish plenty of tasks. The purchase decision of employed consumers regarding the quality of product can be low, the reason being less time to spare on labeling than the unemployed consumers who have the time to make an appropriate decision regarding the quality of food products they will purchase (Kim, Nayga Capps, 2001). People make use of the label for various purposes but consumers should be encouraged to use the label more often and create awareness on how to apply this information more efficiently and conveniently (Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition 2004). Therefore, policy makers should identify different ways on how to motivate people to change the behavior of reading nutritional labeling before purchase of the packaged product. According to the Lancaster Product Characteristics theory in 1966, the consumers are a